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- Trees as
savings and
security for
the rural poor: World
Development,
Vol. 17, No.
3. (March
1989), pp.
329-342.Profes
sionals have
rarely seen
trees as
savings banks
for poor
people. But
while trees
and their
products have
become more
valuable and
easier to
market, many
poor people
have become
more
vulnerable as
contingencies
cost more and
traditional
supports
weaken.
Consequently,
trees have
increasing
importance and
potential as
savings and
security for
the poor, and
for use to
meet
contingencies.
For savings
and security,
trees compare
quite well
with jewelry,
large stock,
small stock,
land, and bank
deposits.
Disadvantages
of trees can
include
insecure or
unclear
rights,
restrictions
on cutting and
selling when
needed, and
problems with
marketing; but
common
advantages
include cheap
and easy
establishment,
rapid
appreciation
in value,
divisibility
to meet needs
closely, and
regeneration
after cutting.
More empirical
studies are
needed on the
use and
potential of
trees as poor
people's
savings banks.
The policy
implications
of present
evidence and
analysis
include tree
reform,
improved
marketing and
prices, and
above all
investing poor
people with
secure and
full ownership
of trees, with
rights to
harvest, cut
and sell
similar to the
withdrawal
rights of
depositors in
savings banks.
Source: World Development, Vol. 17, No. 3. (March 1989), pp. 329-342. - High spatial
resolution
remote sensing
of forest
trees: Trends in
Ecology &
Evolution,
Vol. 13, No.
8. (1 August
1998), pp.
300-301.
Source: Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 13, No. 8. (1 August 1998), pp. 300-301. - The
integration of
field survey
and remote
sensing for
biodiversity
assessment: a
case study in
the tropical
forests and
wetlands of
Sango Bay,
Uganda: Biological
Conservation,
Vol. 86, No.
3. (December
1998), pp.
379-391.Field
surveys of
plants and
animals were
combined with
satellite
remote sensing
of broad
vegetation
types to map
biodiversity
and thereby
help plan
conservation
in the Sango
Bay area, some
30 by 100 km
bordering Lake
Victoria in
Uganda. A
statistical
classifier
applied to
satellite
images
identified 14
land-cover
classes
including
water, swamp,
dry
grasslands,
degraded woody
vegetation,
semi-natural
forest classes
and intensive
land uses.
Validation,
using 240
sample sites,
recorded 86%
correspondence
between field
and map data.
Intensive land
use makes up
23% of the
area, water
and swamps
27%, dry
grasslands
29%, woody
vegetation
21%, with
semi-natural
forests
covering 15%
of the area.
The species
data from
sample-based
field surveys
included
flowering
plant species,
dragon/lies,
butterflies,
fish,
amphibians,
reptiles,
birds and
mammals. The
species data
were used to
generate
biodiversity
ratings, based
on species
?richness' and
?rarity',
which could be
related to the
vegetation
cover. This
inter-relation
helped to
generate a
biodiversity
map of the
Sango Bay area
which has
since been
used to aid
conservation
planning.
Source: Biological Conservation, Vol. 86, No. 3. (December 1998), pp. 379-391. - Estimation, by
remote
sensing, of
deforestation
in central
Rondonia,
Brazil: Forest Ecology
and
Management,
Vol. 38, No.
3-4. (February
1991), pp.
291-304.Rondon
ia, Brazil has
been the focus
of extensive
immigration,
colonization,
and
deforestation
since the
early 1970s.
We have
documented the
land-clearing
activities in
Rondonia
through the
use of
remotely
sensed data
from the
Landsat and
the NOAA AVHRR
series of
satellites,
with the
objectives of
defining the
rates and area
of forest
loss. We found
that the total
area cleared
in the common
area of the
Landsat scenes
increased 3160
km2 from 230
km2 of
clearing in
1980 to a
total of 3390
km2 of
clearing in
1986, that the
majority of
new clearings
were in the
10-100-and
100-1000-ha
range. The
largest
individual
forest
clearings,
however, which
ranged up to
28 km2, had
been
established
since 1980. We
also found
that the total
road length in
the region has
increased from
110 km in 1973
to at least
4660 km in
1986. Although
the majority
of clearing
was to pasture
and not for
roads, road
building
allows access
to new areas
and virtually
guarantees
future
clearing by
legal settlers
or by
squatters. We
estimated that
the total area
of forest
cleared in
Rondonia by 14
July 1988 was
between 37 200
and 37 900 km2
based on two
classification
s of NOAA9
AVHRR
satellite
data.
Source: Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 38, No. 3-4. (February 1991), pp. 291-304. - Land cover
change in two
protected
areas of
Guinea-Bissau
(1956-1998): Applied
Geography,
Vol. 22, No.
2. (April
2002), pp.
139-156.The
objective of
this work was
to quantify
and spatially
characterize
land cover
change in the
regions of the
Cacheu and
Orango
protected
areas
(Guinea-Bissau
). Land cover
maps from 1956
and 1998 were
co-registered
and rasterized
to the same
spatial
resolution in
a geographic
information
system (GIS)
and the land
cover classes
of both maps
aggregated to
a new common
legend.
Classification
of Landsat
Thematic
Mapper images
and field
checking were
used to
generate the
1998 map.
Comparisons
between the
two dates
indicate that
major changes
have occurred
in the Cacheu
area, both in
the extent and
the spatial
distribution
of some
vegetation
classes, with
decreases in
areas of
mangrove, dry
forest and
palm grove,
and large
increases in
mudflats and
savanna. In
Orango,
changes are
less
extensive, but
the onset of
some of the
trends
verified in
Cacheu can be
identified.
The results
are
interpreted,
taking into
account land
use practices
in the two
study regions,
and will
hopefully
become a
management and
conservation
tool for the
local park
authorities.
Source: Applied Geography, Vol. 22, No. 2. (April 2002), pp. 139-156.
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